Modeling reality to understand, predict miniscule complexity
Suppose you want to predict how high a ball dropped from a height will bounce. It depends on the type of ball and the surface it lands on. What if it is dropped into a puddle? What if the ball is magnetic and the surface partly iron? What if the surface changes shape at the ball’s approach?
You might write mathematical formulas to represent the effects of all those factors, combining laws of physics (gravity, magnetism, etc.) and experimentally measured bounce heights.